Sum all elements in the array and subtract it from the summation of the first N natural numbers using the formula N * (N + 1) / 2 to find the missing number.
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Utilize the XOR property. Calculate a1 ^ a2 ^ ... ^ an = A1, a1 ^ a2 ^ ... ^ an-1 = A2. Then calculate A1 ^ A2 to find the missing number.
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Sort the array & then perform a binary search to find the missing number efficiently. Adjust the search space based on comparing middle element with its index.
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Create a hash set and store all array elements. Iterate through N natural numbers, checking if each exists in the hash set. The missing number is the one not found.
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Use a mathematical deduction. Calculate the expected sum and subtract the actual sum of the array to find the missing number.
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