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Strings

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String Implementation Details

C :
String declaration :
    char A[1000]; // creates a character array of size 1000. 
    char *A = (char *) malloc(1000 * sizeof(char)); // creates a character array of size 1000
Accessing ith element :
    A[i]
The end of string :
    Strings have to end with a '\0' character. 
    All C input functions like scanf do it automatically. 
    Direct string assignments like `char A[20] = "Hello";` does it automatically as well.
Length of string :
    strlen(A); // O(n) operation where n is length of string
C++
C style char arrays work in C++ as well.  However, C++ provides string which is much more powerful than C arrays. We will be using C++ strings in most of the problems on this judge.
String declaration :
    string A; // declares an empty string
    string A = "Hello"; // declares string initialized to "Hello".
Accessing ith element :
    A[i] // O(1)
Size ( number of elements ) of the string :
    A.length()  // O(1)
Appending to the string :
    A += "Hello"; // Appends Hello to the string. O(n) operation
    A.push_back('H'); // Append character H to the string. O(1) operation.
JAVA :

Java has strings as well which are very similar to C++ string. However java strings are immutable. As such, if you plan to keep appending to the string, then better use StringBuilder.

Array declaration :

    String A = new String(); // declares an empty string. O(1)
    String A = new String("Hello"); // declares string initialized to "Hello"
    OR for mutable string : 
    StringBuilder A = new StringBuilder(); // empty string
    StringBuilder A = new StringBuilder("Hello"); // stringbuilder initialized to "Hello".
Accessing ith element :
    A.charAt(i)     // O(1). Works for both String and StringBuilder
Size of the string :
    A.length()  // O(1) operation
Adding characters to the string :
    String : A.concat("Hello"); // O(n) operation. Creates another copy of the string as string is immutable. 
    StringBuilder : A.append("Hello"); // O(l) operation where l is the length of the string being appended. Much more efficient.
PYTHON

Python has string which is very similar to java string. Its immutable.

String declaration :
    A = "" #  empty string
    A = "Hello" #  string initialized to "Hello"
Accessing the ith element :
    A[i]  # O(1)
Adding chars to the string :
    A = A + "Hello" #  O(n) operation and a new copy is created

An alternative way if you are going to do a lot of appends :

        l = []
        l.append('string1')
        l.append('string2')
        l.append('string3')
        A = ''.join(l)
Size of the string :
    len(A)  // O(1)

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Strings Problems

String search
Problem Score Companies Time Status
Amazing Subarrays 150
26:39
Implement StrStr 225
AmazonQualcommWipro
33:14
Stringoholics 300
67:22
String math
Problem Score Companies Time Status
Salutes 200
clevertap
23:48
Integer To Roman 250
Amazon
42:10
Roman To Integer 250
Amazon
33:02
Add Binary Strings 300
40:40
Power of 2 350
Amazon
63:26
Multiply Strings 375
65:00
Words
Problem Score Companies Time Status
Length of Last Word 225
Amazon
17:54
Reverse the String 250
QualcommAmazonCisco
36:31
Pretty print
Problem Score Companies Time Status
Zigzag String 300
52:40
Justified Text 300
Directi
79:17
Pretty Json 400
64:47
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